A router is a networking device that connects two or more IP networks or subnetworks and connects various networked nodes.
What is a router?
A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or subnetworks. It serves two primary functions: managing traffic between these networks by forwarding data packets to their intended IP addresses, and allowing multiple devices to use the same Internet connection.
There are several types of routers, but most routers pass data between LANs (local area networks) and WANs (wide area networks). A LAN is a group of connected devices restricted to a specific geographic area. A LAN usually requires a single router.
A WAN, by contrast, is a large network spread over a vast geographic area. Large organizations and companies that operate in multiple locations across the country, for instance, will need separate LANs for each location, which then connect to the other LANs to form a WAN. Because a WAN is distributed over a large area, it often necessitates multiple routers and switches*.
*A network switch forwards data packets between groups of devices in the same network, whereas a router forwards data between different networks.
How does a router work?
Think of a router as an air traffic controller and data packets as aircraft headed to different airports (or networks). Just as each plane has a unique destination and follows a unique route, each packet must be guided to its destination as efficiently as possible. In the same way that an air traffic controller ensures that planes reach their destinations without getting lost or suffering a major disruption, a router helps direct data packets to their destination IP address.
To direct packets effectively, a router uses an internal routing table — a list of paths to various network destinations. The router reads a packet’s header to determine where it is going, then consults the routing table to determine the most efficient path to that destination. It then forwards the packet to the next network in the path.
What is the difference between a router and a modem?
Although some Internet service providers (ISPs) may combine a router and a modem within a single device, they are different. Each plays a different but equally important role in connecting networks to each other and to the Internet.
A router forms networks and manages data flow within and between those networks, while a modem connects those networks to the Internet. Modems forge a connection to the Internet by converting signals from an ISP into a digital signal that any connected device can interpret. A single device may plug into a modem to connect to the Internet; alternately, a router can help distribute this signal to multiple devices within an established network, allowing all of them to connect to the Internet simultaneously.
Think of it like this: If Bob has a router but no modem, he can create a LAN and send data between the devices on that network. However, he will not be able to connect that network to the Internet. Alice, on the other hand, has a modem but no router. She can connect a single device to the Internet (for example, her work laptop). Still, she cannot distribute that Internet connection to multiple devices (say, her laptop and smartphone). Carol, meanwhile, has a router and a modem. Using both devices, she can form a LAN with her desktop computer, tablet, and smartphone and connect them all to the Internet simultaneously.
What are the different types of routers?
To connect a LAN to the Internet, a router must first communicate with a modem. There are two primary ways to do this:
- Wireless router: A wireless router uses an Ethernet cable to connect to a modem. It distributes data by converting packets from binary code into radio signals, then wirelessly broadcasts them using antennae. Wireless routers do not establish LANs; instead, they create WLANs (wireless local area networks), which connect multiple devices using wireless communication.
- Wired router: Like a wireless router, a wired router also uses an Ethernet cable to connect to a modem. It then uses separate cables to connect to one or more devices within the network, create a LAN, and link the devices within that network to the Internet.
In addition to wireless and wired routers for small LANs, many specialized types of routers serve specific functions:
- Core router: Unlike the routers used within a home or small business LAN, a core router is used by large corporations and businesses that transmit a high volume of data packets within their network. Core routers operate at the “core” of a network and do not communicate with external networks.
- Edge router: While a core router exclusively manages data traffic within a large-scale network, an edge router communicates with both core routers and external networks. Edge routers live at the “edge” of a network and use the BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) to send and receive data from other LANs and WANs.
- Virtual router: A virtual router is a software application that performs the same function as a standard hardware router. It may use the Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) to establish primary and backup virtual routers should one fail.
What is an SSID?
SSID is “service set identifier,” the technical term for the network name WLAN routers broadcast. SSIDs enable users to find and connect to the wireless network broadcast by the router (a properly secured router should require password entry as well). Consumer routers for WiFi networks usually have their factory-default SSID printed on the side or bottom.
What are some of the security challenges associated with routers?
Vulnerability exploits: All hardware-based routers come with automatically installed software known as firmware that helps the router perform its functions. Like any other software, router firmware often contains vulnerabilities that cyber attackers can exploit (one example), and router vendors periodically issue updates to patch these vulnerabilities. For this reason, router firmware needs to be updated regularly. Unpatched routers can be compromised by attackers, enabling them to monitor traffic or use the router as part of a botnet.
DDoS attacks: Small and large organizations often are the targets of distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks directed at their network infrastructure. Unmitigated network layer DDoS attacks can overwhelm routers or cause them to crash, resulting in network downtime.
Administrative credentials: All routers come with a set of admin credentials for performing administrative functions. These credentials are set to default values, such as “admin” as the username and “admin” as the password. The username and password should be reset to something more secure as soon as possible: attackers know the common default values for these credentials. They can use them to gain control of the router remotely if they are not reset.
