Recent reports indicate that Cisco’s corporate network was infected with ransomware from the Yanluowang group in late May.  Under the threat of leaking stolen files to the online world, the…

7 – Application: Interface to end user. Interaction directly with the software applications. 6 – Presentation: Formats Data to be “presented” between application-layer entities. 5 – Session: Manages connections between…

Generally, a Layer 2 switch is one of the essential equipment used to connect all network and client devices. But for now, layer 3 switch is thriving in data centers, complicated…

Twisted pair copper cabling is the most ubiquitous for Ethernet network and telephone installations. But how much do you know about twisted pair cable? What makes it different from other cables,…

ping (Packet Internet Gropper) The Ping command allows a user to ping another network IP address. Ping command sends ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to other hosts, and this command can help…

I’ll be specifically comparing the Norton 360 Deluxe plan, their second most expensive, to Bitdefender’s most expensive Total Security plan. Why do you ask? Because they both claim to offer…

IPv6 has been being developed since 1998 to address the dwindling supply of IPv4 addresses available, despite its efficiency and security redesigns, enterprise acceptance and implementation is slow. For the…

The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology. Its…

Proxy chains are open source software for Linux systems and come pre-installed with Kali Linux, the tool redirects TCP connections through proxies like TOR, SOCKS, and HTTP (S), allowing us…