Hacker gang sometimes acts in Russia’s interest, with ad hoc links to FSB, and Cozy Bear.
For years, Russia’s cybercrime groups have acted with relative impunity. The Kremlin and local law enforcement have largely turned a blind eye to disruptive ransomware attacks as long as they didn’t target Russian companies. Despite direct pressure on Vladimir Putin to tackle ransomware groups, they’re still intimately tied to Russia’s interests. A recent leak from one of the most notorious such groups provides a glimpse into the nature of those ties—and just how tenuous they may be.
A cache of 60,000 leaked chat messages and files from the notorious Conti ransomware group provides glimpses of how the criminal gang is well connected within Russia. The documents, reviewed by WIRED and first published online at the end of February by an anonymous Ukrainian cybersecurity researcher who infiltrated the group, show how Conti operates on a daily basis and its crypto ambitions. They likely further reveal how Conti members have connections to the Federal Security Service (FSB) and an acute awareness of the operations of Russia’s government-backed military hackers.
As the world was struggling to come to grips with the COVID-19 pandemic’s outbreak and early waves in July 2020, cybercriminals around the world turned their attention to the health crisis. On July 16 of that year, the governments of the UK, US, and Canada publicly called out Russia’s state-backed military hackers for trying to steal intellectual property related to the earliest vaccine candidates. The hacking group Cozy Bear, also known as Advanced Persistent Threat 29 (APT29), was attacking pharma businesses and universities using altered malware and known vulnerabilities, the three governments said.
Days later, Conti’s leaders talked about Cozy Bear’s work and referenced its ransomware attacks. Stern, the CEO-like figure of Conti, and Professor, another senior gang member, talked about setting up a specific office for “government topics.” The details were first reported by WIRED in February but are also included in the wider Conti leaks. In the same conversation, Stern said they had someone “externally” who paid the group (although it is not stated what for) and discussed taking over targets from the source. “They want a lot about Covid at the moment,” Professor said to Stern. “The cozy bears are already working their way down the list.”
“They reference the setting up of some long-term project and seemingly throw out this idea that they [the external party] would help in the future,” says Kimberly Goody, director of cybercrime analysis at the security firm Mandiant. “We believe that’s a reference to if law enforcement actions would be taken against them, that this external party may be able to help them with that.” Goody points out that the group also mentions Liteyny Avenue in St. Petersburg—the home to local FSB offices.
While evidence of Conti’s direct ties to the Russian government remains elusive, the gang’s activities continue to fall in line with national interests. “The impression from the leaked chats is that the leaders of Conti understood that they were allowed to operate as long as they followed unspoken guidelines from the Russian government,” says Allan Liska, an analyst for the security firm Recorded Future. “There appeared to have been at least some lines of communication between the Russian government and Conti leadership.”
In April 2021, Mango, a key Conti manager who helps organize the group, asked Professor: “Do we work on politics?” When the Professor asked for more information, Mango shared chat messages they had with one person using the handle JohnyBoy77—all the members of the gang use monikers to help hide their identities. The pair were discussing people who “work against the Russian Federation” and the potential interception of information about them. JohnyBoy77 asked whether the Conti members could access data of someone linked to Bellingcat, the open source investigative journalists who have exposed Russian hackers and secret networks of assassins.
In particular, JohnyBoy77 wanted information linked to Bellingcat’s investigation into the poisoning of Russian opposition leader Alexey Navalny. They asked about Bellingcat’s files on Navalny, referenced access to passwords of a Bellingcat member, and mentioned the FSB. In response to the Conti conversations, Bellingcat’s executive director, Christo Grozevm, tweeted that the group had previously received a tip that the FSB had been speaking with a cybercrime group about hacking its contributors. “I mean, are we patriots or what?” Mango asked Professor about the files. “Of course we are patriots,” they replied.
Russian patriotism is constant throughout the Conti group, which has many of its members based in the country. However, the group is international in its scope, has members in Ukraine and Belarus, and has links to members farther afield. Not all of the group agree with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and members have discussed the war. “With the globalization of these ransomware groups, just because Conti leadership aligned well with Russian politics does not mean that the affiliates felt the same way,” Liska says. In one series of conversations dating back to August 2021, Spoon and Mango chatted about their experiences in Crimea. Russia invaded Crimea and annexed the region from Ukraine in 2014, a move that Western leaders say they should have done more to stop. The area was beautiful, they said, but Spoon hadn’t visited for 10 years. “I’ll have to go and check it out next year,” Spoon said. “Russian Crimea.”
While members of the group reference Russian interests or government agencies, it’s unlikely they are working on behalf of officials. Senior members of Conti may have contacts, but rank-and-file coders and programmers aren’t likely to be as well connected. “I think it’s really a more limited subset of actors that actually might have those direct relationships, rather than group operations in its entirety,” Goody says.
Since Conti’s internal files were published on February 27 and 28, the group has continued to work. “They definitely reacted,” says Jérôme Segura, director of threat intelligence at the security firm Malwarebytes. “You can see from the chats that they were closing some stuff and switching to private chats. But it was really business as usual.” The group has continued to post the names and files of ransomware victims on its website in the weeks since the leak.
Conti’s hacking continues despite security researchers using the details in the Conti leaks to potentially name the group’s individual members. The greater threat to the group, however, could come from Russia’s government itself. On January 14, Russia took its most significant action yet against a ransomware gang. The FSB arrested 14 members of the REvil group after tip-offs from US officials, although the group had largely been dormant for several months. “Action will be taken if the Russian authorities feel the leaders of Conti have outlived their usefulness, but if Conti is able to continue on or if they are able to rebrand, there will likely be no action,” Liska predicts. “If action is taken, it will likely be similar to the action taken against members of REvil, with a series of showy arrests, only to quietly release most of those arrested a month or so later.”
It’s unclear whether authorities will take similar actions against Conti members. But they have been paranoid even before their details were leaked. In November 2021, Conti member Kagas sent a flustered message to Stern. “It seemed to us that we were being followed, as unfamiliar cars were standing in the yard, two bodies were sitting in the car,” they wrote. Kagas referenced a court case and that they would stop working until it was over. “Lawyers say that until the 13th it is better to sit quietly and do nothing,” Kagas said. “Live an ordinary life. And then we’ll see what happens.”
This story originally appeared on wired.com.