Networking

The C-Lion1 cable between Finland and Germany was severed in the Baltic Sea, its operator said, after damage was reported to another cable linking Lithuania and Sweden. BERLIN — Germany’s defense minister said cutting two undersea internet cables appeared to be deliberate “sabotage.” The incidents are “a very clear sign that something is going on… Read more: Germany suspects sabotage after undersea internet cables are severed

You are a network datacenter technician, and you are called to this remote office, which hasn’t been updated in the event maintenance records. The Trouble Ticket reads to the data center in Timbuktu, Molly, a South African town.

Tunneling is generally done by encapsulating the private network data and protocol information within the public network transmission units so that the private network protocol information appears to the public network as data. Tunneling allows the use of the Internet, a public network, to convey data on behalf of a private network. One approach to… Read more: Tunneling or Port Forwarding

A benefit of a CDN is its ability to deliver content quickly and efficiently. CDN performance optimizations can be broken into three categories. Explore the CDN Guide. How does a CDN improve load times? Virtually everyone on the Internet has experienced the benefits of a content delivery network (CDN). The majority of technology companies, including… Read more: CDN performance

Explore how a CDN delivers fast, efficient, and secure content to websites and Internet services. What is a CDN? A content delivery network (CDN) is a geographically distributed group of servers that caches content close to end users. A CDN allows the quick transfer of assets needed for loading Internet content, including HTML pages, JavaScript… Read more: What is a content delivery network (CDN)? | How do CDNs work?

Round-trip time (RTT) is the millisecond duration (ms) for a network request to go from a starting point to a destination and back to the starting point. What is round-trip time? Round-trip time (RTT) is the millisecond duration (ms) for a network request to go from a starting point to a destination and back to… Read more: What is round-trip time? | RTT definition

A website’s conversion rate is the percentage of users who take a desired action, and the conversion rate is tied directly to how much revenue a website generates. Page speed has a huge impact on user behavior. What is a webpage’s conversion rate? In web jargon, a user converts when they take the action that… Read more: How website performance affects conversion rates

If a website takes a long time to load, this can have adverse effects on the user experience, site traffic, and SEO. Websites that are optimized for performance have an advantage over slow websites. What is site speed? When a customer sits down to eat at a restaurant, slow service from the waiter often results… Read more: Why does site speed matter? | Improve webpage speed

Attackers can poison a DNS cache by tricking DNS resolvers into caching false information, resulting in the resolver sending the wrong IP address to clients, and users attempting to navigate to a website will be directed to the wrong place. What is DNS cache poisoning? DNS cache poisoning is entering false information into a DNS cache… Read more: What is DNS cache poisoning? | DNS spoofing

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the routing protocol for the Internet. Like the post office processing mail, BGP picks the most efficient routes for delivering Internet traffic. What is BGP? Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the postal service of the Internet. When someone drops a letter into a mailbox, the Postal Service processes that piece… Read more: What is BGP? | BGP routing explained

An autonomous system (AS) is a very large network or group of networks with a single routing policy. Each AS is assigned a unique ASN, which is a number that identifies the AS. What is an autonomous system? The Internet is a network of networks*, and autonomous systems are the big networks that make up the… Read more: What is an autonomous system? | What are ASNs?

The DNS CNAME record works as an alias for domain names that share a single IP address. A “canonical name” (CNAME) record points from an alias domain to a “canonical” domain. A CNAME record is used in place of an A record when a domain or subdomain is an alias of another domain. All CNAME records must point… Read more: What is a DNS CNAME record?

Blackhole routing is a DDoS mitigation strategy that eliminates all traffic from specific sources. What is DDoS blackhole routing? DDoS blackhole routing/filtering (sometimes called blackholing), is a countermeasure to mitigate a DDoS attack in which network traffic is routed into a “black hole” and is lost. When blackhole filtering is implemented without specific restriction criteria, both legitimate… Read more: What is blackhole routing?

DNS lets users connect to websites using domain names instead of IP addresses. Learn more about how DNS works. What is DNS? The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet. Humans access information online through domain names like nytimes.com or espn.com. Web browsers interact through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. DNS translates domain names to IP addresses so… Read more: What is DNS? | How DNS works

Four different types of DNS servers have to work in harmony to deliver a single webpage. What are the different types of DNS servers? All DNS servers fall into four categories: Recursive resolvers, root nameservers, TLD nameservers, and authoritative nameservers. In a typical DNS lookup (when there is no caching in play), these four DNS servers work together… Read more: DNS server types

A DNS root server is the first stop in a DNS lookup. What is a DNS root server? The administration of the Domain Name System (DNS) is structured in a hierarchy using different managed areas or “zones”, with the root zone at the very top of that hierarchy. Root servers are DNS nameservers that operate in the root… Read more: DNS root server

In DNS lookups, which match domain names to machine-readable IP addresses, the journey up the DNS tree can either be made by DNS. What is recursive DNS? A recursive DNS lookup is where one DNS server communicates with several other DNS servers to hunt down an IP address and return it to the client. This contrasts with an iterative DNS query,… Read more: What is recursive DNS?

Anycast is a network addressing and routing method in which incoming requests can be routed to various locations. What is Anycast? Anycast is a network addressing and routing method in which incoming requests can be routed to a variety of different locations or “nodes.” In the context of a CDN, Anycast typically routes incoming traffic to… Read more: What is Anycast? | How does Anycast work?

What is a DNS MX record? A DNS ‘mail exchange’ (MX) record directs email to a mail server. The MX record indicates how email messages should be routed following the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP, the standard protocol for all email). Like CNAME records, an MX record must always point to another domain. Example of an MX record: example.com… Read more: (no title)

A wide area network (WAN) is any network that extends over a large geographic area, usually connecting multiple local area networks (LANs). What is a wide area network (WAN)? A vast area network (WAN) is an extensive computer network that connects groups of computers over large distances. Large businesses often use WANs to connect their office networks;… Read more: What is a WAN? | WAN vs. LAN

A router is a networking device that connects two or more IP networks or subnetworks and connects various networked nodes. What is a router? A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or subnetworks. It serves two primary functions: managing traffic between these networks by forwarding data packets to their intended IP addresses, and… Read more: What is a router?

A network switch forwards data packets between devices. Switches send packets directly to devices; it differs network traffic from a router. What is the difference between a switch and a router? Routers select paths for data packets to cross networks and reach their destinations. Routers do this by connecting with different networks and forwarding data… Read more: What is a network switch? | Switch vs. router

The network layer is layer 3 in the OSI model, responsible for connections between different networks. What is the network layer? Network-to-network connections are what make the Internet possible. The “network layer” is the part of the Internet communications process where these connections occur by sending packets of data back and forth between different networks.… Read more: What is the network layer? | Network vs. Internet layer

Simple but effective “cheat sheet” on internet/networking protocols, simple examples of how they work, and use case scenarios for how a protocol would typically be used.

A volumetric DDoS attack that takes advantage of a vulnerability in the NTP protocol, flooding a server with UDP traffic. What is a NTP amplification attack? An NTP amplification attack is a reflection-based volumetric distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack in which an attacker exploits a Network Time Protocol (NTP) server functionality in order to overwhelm a targeted network… Read more: NTP amplification DDoS attack

A DNS flood is a DDoS attack that aims to flood and overwhelm a target DNS server. What is a DNS Flood? Domain Name System (DNS) servers are the “phonebooks” of the Internet; they are the path through which Internet devices can look up specific web servers to access Internet content. A DNS flood is… Read more: What is a DNS flood? | DNS flood DDoS attack

A CDN is designed to circumvent network congestion and protect against service interruption. CDN benefits – reliability & redundancy One of the essential characteristics of a CDN is its ability to keep website content online in the face of common network problems, including hardware failures and network congestion. By load-balancing Internet traffic, using intelligent failover,… Read more: CDN reliability and redundancy

Anycast is a network addressing and routing method in which incoming requests can be routed to various locations. What is Anycast? Anycast is a network addressing and routing method in which incoming requests can be routed to various locations or “nodes.” In the context of a CDN, Anycast typically routes incoming traffic to the nearest data center with… Read more: What is Anycast? | How does Anycast work?

What Is Infrastructure? Infrastructure is defined as the basic physical systems of a business, region, or nation and often involves the production of public goods or production processes. Examples of infrastructure include transportation systems, communication networks, sewage, water, and school systems. Investments in infrastructure tend to be costly and capital-intensive but vital to a region’s economic development… Read more: Infrastructure: Definition, Meaning, and Examples

A reverse proxy protects web servers from attacks and can provide performance and reliability benefits. Learn more about forward and reverse proxies. What is a proxy server? A forward proxy, often called a proxy, proxy server, or web proxy, is a server that sits in front of a group of client machines. When those computers… Read more: What is a reverse proxy? | Proxy servers explained

Rate limiting blocks users, bots, or applications from overusing or abusing a web property. Rate limiting can stop certain kinds of bot attacks. What is rate limiting? Rate limiting is a strategy for limiting network traffic. It limits how often someone can repeat an action within a specific timeframe – for instance, trying to log… Read more: What is rate limiting? | Rate limiting and bots

Streaming is a way of viewing video or listening to audio content without downloading large media files. Streaming performance can be improved and buffering time reduced if the owner of the files uses a CDN. What is streaming? The first websites were simple pages of text with maybe an image or two. Today, however, anyone… Read more: What is streaming? | How video streaming works

Bot management involves identifying and blocking some bots from a website or application while allowing access to other bots. Bot management blocks undesired or malicious Internet bot traffic while allowing useful bots to access web properties. Bot management accomplishes this by detecting bot activity, discerning between desirable and undesirable bot behavior, and identifying the sources of the… Read more: What is bot management? | How bot managers work

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the collection of Internet-connected gadgets such as cameras, refrigerators, and smart speakers. What is the Internet of Things (IoT)? Internet of Things (IoT) is a catchall phrase for all the various Internet-connected devices that are not traditional computers. This includes everything from fitness trackers and smartwatches to smart refrigerators,… Read more: What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?

Single sign-on (SSO) is a vital cloud security technology that reduces all user application logins to one login for greater security and convenience. What is single sign-on (SSO)? Single sign-on (SSO) is a technology that combines several different application login screens into one. With SSO, users only have to enter their login credentials (username, password,… Read more: What is SSO? | How single sign-on works

Definition of syntax and why proper syntax is important In the computer world, the syntax of a command refers to the rules in which the command must be run for a piece of software to understand it. For example, a command’s syntax may dictate case sensitivity and what kinds of options are available that make the command operate in different ways.… Read more: What Is Syntax?

The DNS A record points to the IP address for a given domain name. What is a DNS A record? The “A” stands for “address,” and this is the most fundamental type of DNS record: it indicates the IP address of a given domain. For example, if you pull the DNS records of cloudflare.com, the… Read more: DNS A record

Round-robin DNS is a load-balancing technique that uses several different IP addresses for a single domain name. What is round-robin DNS? Round-robin DNS is a load-balancing technique where a type of DNS server does the balancing called an authoritative nameserver rather than using a dedicated piece of load-balancing hardware. Round-robin DNS can be used when… Read more: What is round-robin DNS?

Load balancing distributes traffic among multiple servers to improve a service or application’s performance and reliability. Load balancing is distributing computational workloads between two or more computers. Load balancing is often employed on the Internet to divide network traffic among several servers. This reduces the strain on each server and makes the servers more efficient,… Read more: What is load balancing? | How load balancers work

What Does Bandwidth Mean? Bandwidth is the bit-rate measure of the transmission capacity over a network communication system. Bandwidth is also described as the carrying capacity of a channel or the data transfer speed of that channel. However, broadly defined, bandwidth is the capacity of a network. Bandwidth exists in physical or wireless communication networks.… Read more: Bandwidth

A brief description of how DNS works Understanding Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) helps to understand the Domain Name System (DNS). The proper functioning of the Internet is critically dependent on the DNS. Every web page visited, every email sent, every picture retrieved from social media: all those interactions use the DNS to translate… Read more: DNS Security (DNSSEC) – What Is It and Why Is It Important?

What is the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)? The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a protocol, or technical standard, for using a desktop computer remotely. Remote desktop software can use several protocols, including RDP, Independent Computing Architecture (ICA), and virtual network computing (VNC), but RDP is the most commonly used protocol. Microsoft initially released RDP, available for… Read more: What is the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)?

TLS 1.3 improves over previous versions of the TLS (SSL) protocol in several essential ways. What is the difference between TLS 1.3 and TLS 1.2? TLS 1.3 is the latest version of the TLS protocol. TLS, which is used by HTTPS and other network protocols for encryption, is the modern version of SSL. TLS 1.3 dropped support for older, less… Read more: Why use TLS 1.3?

Ports are virtual places within an operating system where network connections start and end. They help computers sort the network traffic they receive. A port is a virtual point where network connections start and end. Ports are software-based and managed by a computer’s operating system. Each port is associated with a specific process or service.… Read more: What is a computer port? | Ports in networking

What Does Data Packet Mean? A packet is a data unit made into a single package traveling along a network path. Data packets are used in Internet Protocol (IP) transmissions for data that navigate the Web and other networks. Data Packet Explanation A data packet has other parts besides the raw data it contains –… Read more: Data Packet – Defenition

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a security protocol that provides privacy, authentication, and integrity to Internet communications. SSL eventually evolved into Transport Layer Security (TLS). SSL, or Secure Sockets Layer, is an encryption-based Internet security protocol. Netscape was first developed in 1995 to ensure privacy, authentication, and data integrity in Internet communications. SSL is the predecessor to… Read more: What is SSL? | SSL definition

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol loads pages on the Internet using hyperlinks invoking http:// over port 80 typically. What is HTTP? The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the foundation of the World Wide Web and is used to load webpages using hypertext links. HTTP is an application layer protocol designed to transfer information between networked devices and runs… Read more: What is HTTP?

TLS is a security protocol that provides privacy and data integrity for Internet communications. Implementing TLS is standard practice for building secure web apps. What is Transport Layer Security (TLS)? Transport Layer Security, or TLS, is a widely adopted security protocol designed to facilitate privacy and data security for communications over the Internet. A primary use case… Read more: What is TLS (Transport Layer Security)?

DNS was not designed with security in mind, and many types of attacks were created to exploit vulnerabilities in the DNS system. What is DNS security? DNS security protects DNS infrastructure from cyber attacks to keep it performing quickly and reliably. An effective DNS security strategy incorporates several overlapping defenses, including establishing redundant DNS servers, applying security… Read more: What is DNS security?

Hypertext transfer protocol secure (HTTPS) is the secure version of HTTP, the primary protocol used to send data between a web browser and a website. HTTPS is encrypted to increase the security of data transfer. This is particularly important when users transmit sensitive data by logging into a bank account, email service, or health insurance provider.… Read more: What is HTTPS?

A domain name registrar is a business that handles the reservation of domain names and the assignment of IP addresses for those domain names. Domain names are alphanumeric aliases used to access websites. For example, The IP address would be something like 192.0.2.1 (just an example). Domain names make it easier to access websites without memorizing and entering… Read more: What is a domain name registrar?

A domain name is a unique, easy-to-remember address used to access websites such as ‘google.com’, and ‘facebook.com’. Users can connect to websites using domain names thanks to the DNS system. A domain name is a string of text that maps to an alphanumeric IP address, used to access a website from client software. In plain English,… Read more: What is a domain name? | Domain name vs. URL

‘IP’ stands for Internet Protocol, the set of rules that allows devices to communicate over the Internet. With billions of people accessing the Internet daily, unique identifiers are necessary to track who is doing what. The Internet Protocol solves this by assigning IP numbers to every Internet device. A computer’s IP address is like the physical address… Read more: What is an IP address, and why does it matter?

The Internet Protocol (IP) is a set of requirements for addressing and routing data on the Internet. IP can be used with several transport protocols, including TCP and UDP. The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol, or set of rules, for routing and addressing packets of data so that they can travel across networks and… Read more: What is the Internet Protocol?

A LAN, or local area network, is a group of connected computing devices within a localized area that usually share a centralized Internet connection. A local area network (LAN) is contained within a small geographic area, usually within the same building. Home WiFi networks and small business networks are typical examples of LANs. LANs can… Read more: What is a LAN (local area network)?

In networking, a protocol is a standardized set of rules for formatting and processing data. Protocols enable computers to communicate with one another. In networking, a protocol is a set of rules for formatting and processing data. Network protocols are like a common language for computers. The computers within a network may use vastly different… Read more: What is a protocol? | Network protocol definition

A virtual private network (VPN) lets a user remotely access a private network for privacy and security. A virtual private network (VPN) is an Internet security service that allows users to access the Internet as though they were connected to a private network. This encrypts Internet communications as well as providing a substantial degree of… Read more: What is a VPN?

IP addresses are unique identifiers that determine who is who on the Internet. IP addresses can be formatted differently depending on whether they use IPv4 or IPv6 protocol. What is an IP address, and why does it matter? ‘IP’ stands for Internet Protocol, the set of rules that allows devices to communicate over the Internet. With billions… Read more: What is my IP address?

An Internet exchange point (IXP) is a physical location through which Internet infrastructure companies such as Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and CDNs use to connect. An Internet exchange point (IXP) is a physical location through which Internet infrastructure companies such as Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and CDNs connect. These locations exist on the “edge” of different networks… Read more: What is an Internet exchange point? | How do IXPs work?

Latency measured is the time it takes for data to travel. Lowering latency is an essential part of building a good user experience. Latency is the time it takes for data to pass from one point on a network to another. Suppose Server A in New York sends a data packet to Server B in London. Server… Read more: What is latency? | How to fix latency

Caches store copies of files to deliver websites robustly to deliver at fast speeds where they are needed for various demands. Caching stores copies of files or data in a cache, or temporary storage location, to be accessed more quickly. Technically, a cache is any temporary storage location for copies of files or data, but… Read more: What is Website Caching?

Host command is a minimal and easy-to-use the command line interface, or CLI utility for performing DNS lookups which translate domain names to IP addresses and vice versa. It can also be used to list and verify various types of DNS records such as NS and MX, test and validate ISP DNS server and Internet… Read more: Useful ‘host’ Command Examples for Querying DNS Lookups

nslookup is a command-line administrative tool for testing and troubleshooting DNS servers (Domain Name Server). It is used to query specific DNS resource records (RR) as well. Most operating systems come with a built-in nslookup feature. This article demonstrates the widely used nslookup command in detail. Nslookup can be run in two modes: Interactive and… Read more: 8 Linux Nslookup Commands to Troubleshoot DNS (Domain Name Server)

LoRa (short for long range) is a spread spectrum modulation technique derived from chirp spread spectrum (CSS) technology. LoRa is a long range, low power wireless platform that has become the de facto wireless platform of Internet of Things (IoT). LoRa devices and networks such as the LoRaWAN® enable smart IoT applications that solve some… Read more: What Is LoRa?

Zero Trust is a security model based on maintaining strict access controls and not trusting anyone by default, even those already inside the network perimeter. What is Zero Trust security? Zero Trust security is an IT security model that requires strict identity verification for every person and device trying to access resources on a private… Read more: Zero Trust security | What is a Zero Trust network?

NAT is used to map multiple local private addresses to a single IP address. What Is Network Address Translation (NAT)? Network address translation (NAT) is the process of mapping private IP addresses to a single public IP address while information is being transferred via a router or NAT firewall. NAT is used by organizations with… Read more: What Is Network Address Translation (NAT)? Meaning, Working, and Examples

Domain Name System (DNS) Hierarchy. Caches, Resolvers, Root, TLD, and Authoritative Name Servers explained for DNS requests.

Data loss prevention (DLP) is a set of tools and processes used to ensure that sensitive data is not lost, misused, or unauthorized access. DLP software classifies regulated, confidential, and business-critical data. It identifies violations of policies defined by organizations or within a predefined policy pack, typically driven by regulatory compliance such as HIPAA, PCI-DSS,… Read more: What is Data Loss Prevention (DLP)?

URL filtering enables companies to block individual web pages and files to restrict what content their employees can access over company networks. URL filtering restricts what web content users can access. It does this by blocking specific URLs from loading. Corporations implement URL filtering to prevent the use of company resources, devices, network bandwidth, etc. ,… Read more: What is URL filtering?

DNS filtering defined DNS filtering (or DNS block) describes a cybersecurity measure used to stop internet users from accessing unapproved websites on a server. Organizations use DNS blocking to secure their environment against phishing attacks and other cyber threats. Through DNS filtering services, businesses assign control over what users can access, limit access to websites potentially posing malware… Read more: What is DNS Filtering?

Back in the day, people would gather to play networked games and “Geek Out.” This might also resemble some offices in the early days. It reminds me of “the old days.” Plenty of soda for caffeine, pizza, or a stack of double cheeseburgers. Command and Conquer, Diablo, and more. Comment below if you have ever… Read more: “LAN Parties” Before Laptops and WiFi

A secure web gateway (SWG) blocks or filters out harmful content and prevents data leakage. All employee Internet traffic passes through the SWG. What is a secure web gateway (SWG)? A secure web gateway (SWG) is a cyber security product that protects company data and enforces security policies. SWGs operate between company employees and the… Read more: What is a secure web gateway (SWG)?

DNS amplification is a DDoS attack that leverages DNS resolvers to overwhelm a victim with traffic. What is a DNS amplification attack? This DDoS attack is a reflection-based volumetric distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack in which an attacker leverages the functionality of open DNS resolvers to overwhelm a target server or network with an amplified amount of traffic, rendering the… Read more: DNS amplification attack

What is time-to-live (TTL) in networking? Time to live (TTL) refers to the amount of time or “hops” that a packet is set to exist inside a network before being discarded by a router. TTL is also used in other contexts, including CDN caching and DNS caching. How does TTL work? When a packet of information is… Read more: What is time-to-live (TTL)? | TTL definition

What is the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)? The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a network layer protocol used by network devices to diagnose network communication issues. ICMP is used primarily to determine whether or not data is reaching its intended destination promptly. Commonly, the ICMP protocol is used on network devices, such as routers. ICMP is crucial for… Read more: What is the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)?

DNS lets users connect to websites using domain names instead of IP addresses. Learn how DNS works. What is DNS? The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet. Humans access information online through domain names like nytimes.com or espn.com. Web browsers interact through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. DNS translates domain names to IP addresses so browsers can… Read more: What is DNS? | How DNS works

A transport layer communication protocol, UDP is a very common protocol for voice and video traffic. What is the User Datagram Protocol (UDP/IP)? The User Datagram Protocol, or UDP, is a communication protocol used across the Internet for especially time-sensitive transmissions such as video playback or DNS lookups. It speeds up communications by not formally establishing a connection before… Read more: What is UDP?

An SYN flood exploits a TCP/IP handshake vulnerability in an attempt to disrupt a web service. What is an SYN flood attack? An SYN flood (half-open attack) is a denial-of-service (DDoS) attack aiming to make a server unavailable to legitimate traffic by consuming all available server resources. By repeatedly sending initial connection request (SYN) packets,… Read more: SYN flood attack

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the address system of the Internet and has the core function of delivering packets of information from a source device to a target device. IP is the primary way in which network connections are made, and it establishes the basis of the Internet. IP does not handle packet ordering or error checking. Such functionality… Read more: What are IP & TCP?

Telecommunication transmits information through various types of technologies over the wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. It originates in the desire of humans for communication over a distance greater than that feasible with the human voice but with a similar scale of expediency; thus, slow systems (such as postal mail) are excluded from the field. The transmission media in telecommunication have evolved through numerous… Read more: Telecommunications

Wireshark Wireshark is a popular network sniffing tool that provides GUI to decode many protocols and filters. Wireshark is a network traffic monitoring tool that runs on a network interface. It is now the most commonly used network management application. Device operators, network engineers, network security experts, and black hat hackers use Wireshark. Tcpdump Tcpdump… Read more: Difference between Tcpdump vs. Wireshark

Functionality Wireshark is very similar to tcpdump, but has a graphical front-end and integrated sorting and filtering options. Wireshark lets the user put network interface controllers into promiscuous mode (if supported by the network interface controller), so they can see all the traffic visible on that interface, including unicast traffic not sent to that network interface controller’s MAC address. However, when capturing with a packet analyzer in… Read more: Wireshark – Basic Explanation of “Eavesdropping”

The DNS A record points to the IP address for a given domain name. What is a DNS A record? The “A” stands for “address” and this is the most fundamental type of DNS record: it indicates the IP address of a given domain. For example, if you pull the DNS records of cloudflare.com, the A record currently returns an… Read more: What is a DNS A record

The DNS AAAA record matches a domain name with an IPv6 address — similar to A records, which do the same for IPv4 addresses. What is a DNS AAAA record? DNS AAAA records match a domain name to an IPv6 address. DNS AAAA records are exactly like DNS A records, except that they store a domain‘s IPv6… Read more: What is a DNS AAAA record?

You don’t remember individual mobile numbers. Instead, you go to your contacts app and call it by their names. The contacts app allows people to input everyday words without having to keep track of the individual mole number. This is the exact same thing DNS does for the internet. Domain Name System Computers address each… Read more: DNS Explained

Does your house have a smart thermostat? Or do you wear a fitness tracker to help you stay physically active? If you do, you are part of the Internet of Things, or IoT. It’s become embedded in our lives, as well as in the way organizations operate. IoT uses a variety of technologies to connect… Read more: What is the Internet of Things?

Recent reports indicate that Cisco’s corporate network was infected with ransomware from the Yanluowang group in late May.  Under the threat of leaking stolen files to the online world, the threat actor attempted to intimidate the victims into making a financial sacrifice: ransom. An employee’s Box folder linked to a compromised account was only accessible… Read more: Yanluowang Ransomware Operators hacked Cisco to Steal Internal Data

7 – Application: Interface to end user. Interaction directly with the software applications. 6 – Presentation: Formats Data to be “presented” between application-layer entities. 5 – Session: Manages connections between local and remote applications. 4 – Transport: Ensures integrity of the data transmission. 3 – Network: Determines how data gets from one host to another.… Read more: OSI Reference Model

Generally, a Layer 2 switch is one of the essential equipment used to connect all network and client devices. But for now, layer 3 switch is thriving in data centers, complicated enterprise networks, and commercial applications with the growing diversity of network applications and converged network implementations. The question arises: layer 2 vs. layer 3 switch;… Read more: Layer 2 vs. Layer 3 Switch: Which One Do You Need?

Twisted pair copper cabling is the most ubiquitous for Ethernet network and telephone installations. But how much do you know about twisted pair cable? What makes it different from other cables, and how many types of twisted cables are there? Here in this article, you can find all the answers you are looking for. Please keep… Read more: Twisted Pair Cables – Everything You Need to Know

ping (Packet Internet Gropper) The Ping command allows a user to ping another network IP address. Ping command sends ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to other hosts, and this command can help determine the connectivity to the remote host. This is similar to playing “Marco Polo” in a body of water. Simple ping command syntax is ping… Read more: Common Network tools – ping, telnet, netstat and arp

I’ll compare the Norton 360 Deluxe plan, their second most expensive, to Bitdefender’s most expensive Total Security plan. Why do you ask? Because they both claim to offer the same level of protection and supplemental features, by and large, they’re almost identical packages…or so I thought… ? Bitdefender vs. Norton: Malware protection: ? Now, starting… Read more: Norton 360 Deluxe vs Bitdefender Total Security | Best antivirus for PC

A Denial of Service (DoS) attack can be easily engineered anywhere. Learn more about what it is and how it works. A “denial of service” or DoS attack ties up a website’s resources so that users who need to access the site cannot do so. The attacks have hit many significant companies. And the bad news? Because… Read more: What are Denial of Service (DoS) attacks? DoS attacks explained

IPv6 has been being developed since 1998 to address the dwindling supply of IPv4 addresses available, despite its efficiency and security redesigns, enterprise acceptance and implementation is slow. For the most part, the dire warnings about running out of internet addresses have ceased because, slowly but surely, migration from the world of Internet Protocol Version… Read more: What is IPv6, and why is adoption taking so long?

What is an ISP? An ISP (internet service provider) is a company that provides individuals and organizations with access to the Internet and related services. An ISP has the equipment and telecommunication line access required to have a point of presence on the Internet for the geographic area served. ISPs allow customers to access the… Read more: ISP (internet service provider)

What is data in motion? Data in motion, also referred to as data in transit or in flight, is a process in which digital information is transported between locations within or between computer systems. The term can also describe data within a computer’s RAM ready to be read, accessed, updated, or processed. Data in motion is one… Read more: What is Data in Motion?

What is a computer network, and where do network nodes fit? A computer network is a computer and computing device system connected via communication links. These links allow the computers and other devices to send information over the network. Network protocols define how information is sent and received. Networks can be defined by their geographic… Read more: What is a Network Node?

What is POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3)? Post Office Protocol 3, or POP3, is the most commonly used protocol for receiving email over the Internet. This standard protocol, which most email servers and their clients support, receives emails from a remote server and sends them to a local client. POP3 is a one-way client-server protocol… Read more: POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3)

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a standard that defines how to establish and maintain a network conversation by which applications can exchange data. TCP works with the Internet Protocol (IP), which defines how computers send packets of data to each other. Together, TCP and IP are the basic rules that define the Internet. The Internet Engineering Task… Read more: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)